In snowy conditions, snow reduces tire traction by about 14%. This decline means a vehicle needs a longer distance to achieve its speed. Moreover, hydroplaning resistance drops by around 8%. This reduction is seen in the observed speed where a vehicle first starts to hydroplane on standing water, affecting driving conditions on test tracks in Connecticut.
The type of snow also influences traction. Wet, heavy snow can compact under tires, creating a temporary level of grip, while powdery snow often presents a slippery surface. Additionally, ice beneath the snow poses further challenges. Drivers may not realize they are navigating over ice until it is too late, resulting in unexpected loss of control.
Tire type and tread pattern play crucial roles in traction on snow and ice. All-season tires are typically less effective than winter tires designed for these conditions. Winter tires feature deeper treads and softer rubber compounds, enhancing grip.
Understanding how snow and tire traction affect driving will help in making informed choices. Next, we will explore effective strategies for improving safety while navigating icy roads, focusing on both driving techniques and vehicle preparation.
How Does Snow Affect Tire Traction on Icy Roads?
Snow affects tire traction on icy roads by creating a challenging driving surface. Snow can cover ice, leading to reduced visibility of hazards. This accumulation can cause tires to lose grip because snow changes the interaction between the tire and the road. The primary components involved are snow, ice, tires, and vehicle dynamics.
When snow falls on icy roads, the first step is assessing the texture of the snow. Wet, heavy snow can form a slush layer, which may provide slightly better traction than dry powdery snow. However, both types do not grip the underlying ice effectively. The next step is evaluating tire design. Tires with deep treads can channel snow and increase contact with the ground, yet they still struggle on sheer ice. Another key concept is the coefficient of friction. This value measures how well tires can grip the road. Snow reduces this coefficient when paired with ice, leading to slips.
Finally, the speed of the vehicle matters. When driving too fast on icy roads with snow, even well-designed tires cannot maintain grip. The accumulated information shows that snow negatively impacts tire traction on icy roads due to its ability to conceal the icy surface and dampen the effectiveness of tire treads. Therefore, it is essential to drive cautiously and consider tire type and road conditions when navigating snowy, icy roads.
What Specific Mechanisms Cause Tire Traction to Decrease in Snow?
Tire traction decreases in snow due to several specific mechanisms.
- Reduced Contact Area
- Snow Compaction
- Ice Formation
- Tire Material Slippage
- Temperature Influence
The mechanisms affecting tire traction in snow reflect the complex interactions between tire characteristics and snowy conditions.
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Reduced Contact Area:
Reduced contact area occurs when tires cannot make adequate surface contact with the snow. This results in less friction between the tire and the road. According to research by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, a tire’s effectiveness in snow relies heavily on maximizing contact area. The tire’s tread pattern helps optimize grip by channeling snow and allows the tread to sink into it. However, deeper snow can cover this area and lead to slippage. -
Snow Compaction:
Snow compaction refers to the compression of snow beneath the tire due to vehicle weight. As tires roll over the snow, they compact it, which can lead to a buildup of a hard layer of snow or ice. This hardened layer becomes more slippery than fresh, soft snow, significantly decreasing traction. Studies conducted by the Transportation Research Board indicate that as snow is compacted, it may create a layer of ice that tires struggle to grip effectively. -
Ice Formation:
Ice formation occurs when temperatures drop and moisture in the snow freezes. When tires traverse over surface snow, they can cause underlying snow to melt and later freeze, creating ice sheets. Ice provides very low friction and severely impairs tire traction. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has reported that a large proportion of winter accidents result from vehicles losing control on icy roads. -
Tire Material Slippage:
Tire material slippage happens when the rubber of the tires fails to adhere properly to the snow-covered surface. Tire compounds are designed for various conditions, but colder temperatures can cause the rubber to harden. Harder rubber loses flexibility, which diminishes grip on snow. A study by Michelin emphasizes that tire performance is optimally balanced when the rubber remains pliable under winter conditions. -
Temperature Influence:
Temperature influence is critical in snowy conditions. As temperatures approach freezing or drop below, the characteristics of both snow and tire compounds change. Cold temperatures can lead to harder surfaces, leading to less pliability in tires and reduced traction. Research by the American Automobile Association shows that driving on snow becomes significantly more perilous as temperature drops, especially when combined with wet conditions that can lead to ice formation.
Understanding these mechanisms helps drivers prepare better for winter driving and choose appropriate tires for snowy conditions.
How Does the Type of Snow (Powdery vs. Wet) Alter Tire Grip?
The type of snow, whether powdery or wet, significantly alters tire grip. Powdery snow is light and fluffy. It creates a lower friction surface, which can cause tires to slip easily. Wet snow, on the other hand, is heavier and has a higher moisture content. This moisture can partially melt the surface, increasing grip. Tires can dig into wet snow better, enhancing traction.
When analyzing the two types of snow, we must consider the following aspects:
- Friction Levels: Powdery snow has low friction. Wet snow provides more friction.
- Tire Interaction: Tires struggle with powdery snow because they cannot effectively displace it. They can displace wet snow, leading to better grip.
- Temperature Effects: Colder temperatures often result in powdery snow. Warmer conditions can lead to wet snow.
The sequence of these components shows how snow type affects tire grip. Powdery snow leads to slipping. Wet snow improves grip and stability. Understanding these differences is crucial for drivers in snowy conditions. Proper tire choice and driving adjustments depend on the type of snow present. This understanding promotes safer driving in winter weather.
How Do Different Tire Types Perform in Snowy Conditions?
Different tire types perform uniquely in snowy conditions, impacting traction, handling, and safety. The primary tire types—snow tires, all-season tires, and summer tires—differ in design and materials, influencing their performance in snow.
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Snow tires: Snow tires, also known as winter tires, are specifically designed for cold and snowy conditions. Their rubber compounds remain flexible in low temperatures. A study by Nader et al. (2020) indicated that vehicles equipped with snow tires had 30% better traction on snow-covered roads compared to all-season tires.
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All-season tires: All-season tires offer a compromise between performance in winter and summer conditions. They have moderate tread patterns that provide decent traction on light snow. However, research by Kutz et al. (2019) showed that all-season tires can lose approximately 20% of their grip in heavy snow when compared to dedicated snow tires.
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Summer tires: Summer tires are designed for optimal performance in warm, dry, or wet conditions. They feature harder rubber compounds and shallow tread patterns that do not perform well in snow. A study by Moore and Lawson (2021) found that vehicles fitted with summer tires experienced a significant reduction in traction, leading to a 50% increase in stopping distance on snowy surfaces.
Understanding these differences is crucial for ensuring safety during winter driving. Selecting the appropriate tire type can greatly enhance vehicle performance in snowy conditions and reduce accident risks.
What Are the Key Differences in Performance Between All-Season and Winter Tires on Snow?
All-season tires and winter tires differ significantly in performance on snow. Winter tires outperform all-season tires under snowy conditions due to specialized materials and tread designs.
- Tread Design:
- Rubber Composition:
- Grip and Traction:
- Temperature Sensitivity:
- Versatility:
The distinctions between these tire types provide insight into their effectiveness on snow-covered roads in varying conditions.
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Tread Design:
Tread design is crucial for tire performance in snow. Winter tires feature deeper grooves and more sipes compared to all-season tires. These features help evacuate snow and slush, improving traction. According to the Tire Rack, winter tires can have up to 50% more biting edges for enhanced grip. -
Rubber Composition:
Rubber composition determines tire flexibility in colder temperatures. Winter tires use softer rubber compounds, allowing better grip in low temperatures. All-season tires become harder in cold conditions, leading to reduced traction. The Institute of Road Safety Research (SWOV) emphasizes that winter tires provide significantly better stopping distances on snow. -
Grip and Traction:
Grip and traction are vital for safe driving on snow. Winter tires provide superior grip due to their aggressive tread patterns and specialized rubber. The difference in stopping distance can be 30% less for winter tires compared to all-season tires in snowy conditions. A study by the AAA in 2017 confirmed that winter tires improved braking performance on snow by a significant margin. -
Temperature Sensitivity:
Temperature sensitivity affects tire performance significantly. All-season tires are designed for a mix of conditions but lose efficiency below 7°C (45°F). Winter tires remain effective in temperatures below this threshold. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) indicates that winter tires maintain better performance as temperatures drop. -
Versatility:
Versatility reflects tire usability across seasons. All-season tires offer adequate performance for mild winter conditions but compromise on snow performance. Winter tires are specifically designed for cold weather and icy conditions. Experts from Consumer Reports advise choosing winter tires if driving frequently in heavy snow or icy conditions for optimal safety.
The differences between all-season and winter tires highlight the importance of selecting the right tire for specific driving conditions.
How Do Performance Tires Compare to Standard Winter Tires in Icy Conditions?
Performance tires offer enhanced handling and speed, but they do not perform as effectively as standard winter tires in icy conditions. Winter tires are specifically designed with unique materials and tread patterns that provide better traction in cold and slippery environments.
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Material Composition: Winter tires use softer rubber compounds that remain flexible in low temperatures. This flexibility increases contact with the road, allowing the tire to grip icy surfaces more effectively. Performance tires, on the other hand, use harder rubber compounds designed for warm conditions, which can become stiff in the cold.
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Tread Design: Winter tires feature deeper tread patterns and aggressive sipes (thin slits in the tire) that enhance traction on ice and snow. According to a study by Tire Rack (2021), winter tires can significantly outperform performance tires in wet and icy conditions due to increased surface area and better channeling of slush and water.
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Temperature Range: Winter tires are engineered to function optimally at temperatures below 7°C (45°F). In comparison, performance tires lose effectiveness in cold conditions, reducing their ability to provide traction. The difference in temperature performance is crucial for safety in icy environments.
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Safety Performance: Real-world tests, including those conducted by Car and Driver (2020), show that vehicles equipped with winter tires can stop up to 30% shorter on ice than those with performance tires. This difference can be critical in avoiding accidents during icy conditions.
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Handling: Performance tires are designed for dry and warm conditions, resulting in less grip when temperatures drop. This can lead to reduced control and stability, increasing the risk of skidding on ice. Winter tires maintain better handling characteristics in cold temperatures, providing a safer driving experience.
In summary, while performance tires excel in speed and handling on dry surfaces, they fall short in icy conditions. Standard winter tires provide superior traction, better handling, and improved safety due to their specialized design and materials tailored for cold weather.
What Role Do Road Conditions Play in Tire Traction on Snowy Roads?
The condition of roads significantly impacts tire traction on snowy surfaces. Poor road conditions can lead to decreased grip, increasing the risk of accidents.
- Road Surface Type
- Snow Depth
- Tire Quality
- Temperature Fluctuations
- Vehicle Weight Distribution
- Driver Behavior
The interplay between these factors plays a critical role in how effectively tires can grip snowy roads.
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Road Surface Type: The type of road surface influences traction. Asphalt typically offers better grip than concrete when covered in snow. According to a study by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), roads with a more textured surface allow for improved tire traction.
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Snow Depth: The depth of snow affects tire performance. Shallow snow may provide decent traction, while deeper snow can cause tires to get stuck. Research from the AAA indicates that vehicles face a 30% decrease in traction when the snow depth exceeds six inches.
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Tire Quality: The quality and type of tires affect performance on snow. Winter tires, designed for colder conditions, use specific rubber compounds and tread patterns that enhance grip. A report by Tire Rack found that vehicles equipped with winter tires stopped 30% shorter on snowy roads than those with all-season tires.
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Temperature Fluctuations: Temperature changes impact snow conditions and tire performance. When temperatures rise, snow can become slushy, reducing grip. The National Weather Service indicates that temperatures above freezing during snow events can significantly alter road conditions.
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Vehicle Weight Distribution: The weight distribution of a vehicle can affect traction. Heavier vehicles or those with weight appropriately placed over drive wheels often have better grip in snow. A 2021 study from Cornell University showed that vehicles with a balanced weight distribution exhibited 20% better handling in snowy conditions compared to unevenly loaded vehicles.
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Driver Behavior: How drivers manage their vehicles on snowy roads also influences traction. Smooth acceleration and braking can prevent loss of control. An analysis conducted by the Institute for Highway Safety showed that aggressive driving maneuvers result in a higher likelihood of skidding or losing traction.
Understanding these factors can help drivers make informed choices to enhance their safety on snowy roads.
How Does Snow Depth Impact Vehicle Safety and Handling?
Snow depth impacts vehicle safety and handling significantly. Increased snow depth reduces tire traction. This decrease in traction can lead to longer stopping distances. Vehicles become harder to control in deeper snow.
Drivers may experience issues such as skidding or hydroplaning. Snow depth also affects the vehicle’s stability. As snow builds up, it can create uneven surfaces. Uneven surfaces can cause tires to lose contact with the ground.
The logic here connects snow depth with tire performance. Thicker snow creates a barrier between the tire and the road. This barrier limits the tire’s ability to grip the surface.
Next, consider the vehicle’s weight distribution. Heavier vehicles are more stable in snow, but they also can sink deeper. As a result, lighter vehicles may struggle to maintain forward momentum. Their handling becomes less responsive in conditions with significant snow accumulation.
Furthermore, the type of tires plays a crucial role. Winter tires provide better traction than all-season tires in snow. Additionally, tread patterns of winter tires help channel snow and water away. This action enhances grip on slippery surfaces.
In summary, the connection between snow depth and vehicle safety involves reduced traction, increased stopping distances, and potential loss of control. Understanding these elements can help drivers make informed decisions in snowy conditions.
What Effects Do Ice and Slush Have on Traction Levels?
Ice and slush significantly reduce traction levels on surfaces like roads and sidewalks. Their presence can lead to dangerous driving and walking conditions due to decreased grip on tires and footwear.
Key effects of ice and slush on traction levels include:
1. Reduced friction.
2. Increased risk of skidding.
3. Slower stopping distances.
4. Enhanced difficulty in maneuvering.
5. Variability based on temperature and type of precipitation.
Understanding these effects is crucial for ensuring safety on icy and slushy surfaces, particularly during winter months.
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Reduced Friction:
Reduced friction occurs when ice and slush cover the surface. Friction is the resistance that occurs when two surfaces move against each other. It is critical for maintaining grip while walking or driving. According to a study by the American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI, 2020), icy roads can reduce friction levels by up to 50%. This leads to a diminished ability for tires to grip, increasing the likelihood of accidents. -
Increased Risk of Skidding:
Increased risk of skidding is directly related to the presence of ice and slush. Skidding happens when tires lose grip and start sliding either sideways or forward. A report from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, 2021) revealed that slippery conditions contribute to approximately 30% of all winter-related vehicle crashes. Drivers must adjust their speed and increase following distance to avoid skidding on these surfaces. -
Slower Stopping Distances:
Slower stopping distances are evident when ice or slush is present. Many drivers underestimate the extra distance needed to stop safely in such conditions. Research from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, 2019) indicates that stopping distances can increase by 10 to 20 times on icy roads compared to dry conditions. This necessitates cautious driving to prevent collisions. -
Enhanced Difficulty in Maneuvering:
Enhanced difficulty in maneuvering involves challenges in steering and controlling vehicles. The lube-like effect of slush can make it hard to turn, leading to oversteering or loss of vehicle control. A winter driving study by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety (AAA, 2020) found that handling is impaired, resulting in higher chances of accidents when making turns on slushy roads. -
Variability Based on Temperature and Type of Precipitation:
Variability based on temperature and type of precipitation affects traction levels. For example, wet snow creates a slush that provides slightly better traction than ice. An analysis from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, 2021) found that temperature variations can change the consistency of the surface significantly. Warmer temperatures can lead to slush, which can provide some grip versus hard ice formed under colder conditions.
In summary, ice and slush markedly diminish traction, creating hazardous driving and walking conditions. Awareness of these factors can help individuals make safer choices in winter weather.
What Strategies Can Drivers Use to Enhance Safety in Snowy Conditions?
To enhance safety in snowy conditions, drivers can adopt several effective strategies.
- Slow down and increase following distance.
- Use winter tires or chains.
- Maintain visibility by clearing snow and ice from the vehicle.
- Avoid sudden movements of the steering wheel.
- Utilize gentle braking techniques.
- Keep the gas tank at least half full.
- Prepare an emergency kit in the vehicle.
These strategies offer various perspectives on driving safety in snowy conditions, but their effectiveness can vary based on specific circumstances, such as vehicle type or driver experience. Understanding these strategies can be pivotal for enhancing safety during winter driving.
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Slow Down and Increase Following Distance:
Slow down and increase following distance as essential strategies in snowy conditions. Reducing speed allows for better control over the vehicle. Increased following distance provides more time to react to sudden changes, such as unexpected stops or skidding. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), during snowy weather, it is advisable to double the usual following distance. This adjustment can significantly reduce the chances of collisions. -
Use Winter Tires or Chains:
Using winter tires or chains is crucial for improving traction in snowy conditions. Winter tires are engineered with softer rubber and deeper treads to grip icy roads better. The American Automobile Association (AAA) asserts that winter tires can improve braking distances by up to 30% compared to all-season tires. Chains can further enhance grip in extreme ice or snow conditions. Studies indicate that using chains can almost entirely eliminate wheel spin. -
Maintain Visibility by Clearing Snow and Ice from the Vehicle:
Maintaining visibility by clearing snow and ice from the vehicle is necessary for safe driving. Snow and ice on the roof can slide onto the windshield, obstructing visibility. The NHTSA emphasizes that a clear view is essential for safe maneuvering. Additionally, working windshield wipers and defrosters help in maintaining visibility in snowy weather. -
Avoid Sudden Movements of the Steering Wheel:
Avoiding sudden movements of the steering wheel is important for maintaining control. Abrupt maneuvers can lead to loss of traction and potential skidding. According to the American Driver and Traffic Safety Education Association (ADTSEA), smooth steering movements help keep the vehicle stable. Drivers should focus on gradual adjustments when changing directions. -
Utilize Gentle Braking Techniques:
Utilizing gentle braking techniques is vital in snowy conditions. Hard braking can cause wheels to lock up, leading to loss of control. The NHTSA recommends applying brakes gently, allowing for gradual deceleration. Antilock braking systems (ABS) can assist in this, wherein drivers should apply steady pressure instead of pumping the brakes. -
Keep the Gas Tank at Least Half Full:
Keeping the gas tank at least half full is a preventive measure against being stranded. A full tank can prevent fuel line freeze and ensures enough fuel for heating the vehicle if you become stuck. Snowy weather can lead to unexpected delays and circumstances, making this practice advisable according to several weather safety guidelines. -
Prepare an Emergency Kit in the Vehicle:
Preparing an emergency kit in the vehicle is a recommended safety measure. An emergency kit typically includes items like blankets, food, water, a flashlight, and basic tools. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) advises having these supplies in case of being stranded due to severe weather. Having a charged mobile phone and a portable charger is also critical for calling for help.
How Can Drivers Improve Traction on Snowy Roads?
Drivers can improve traction on snowy roads by using appropriate tires, adjusting driving techniques, maintaining vehicle weight distribution, and ensuring visibility.
Using appropriate tires is crucial. Winter tires are designed specifically for cold weather conditions. They have deeper treads and softer rubber compounds that remain flexible in low temperatures. According to a study by the American Automobile Association (AAA) in 2020, vehicles equipped with winter tires perform significantly better on snow and ice compared to those with all-season tires.
Adjusting driving techniques also enhances traction. Drivers should increase their following distance to allow ample time to react. They should accelerate and decelerate gently to prevent wheel spin. Abrupt steering maneuvers can lead to loss of control, so smooth inputs are essential. A study from the Transportation Research Board (TRB) in 2019 emphasized that gradual driving reduces the likelihood of skidding on slippery surfaces.
Maintaining vehicle weight distribution is another effective method. Adding weight to the trunk can improve traction by increasing the downward force on the drive wheels. Many drivers find that sandbags or similar materials work well. Research from the Institute for Transportation Engineers (ITE) in 2021 demonstrated that a weight increase of 100 pounds on the rear axle can enhance traction by approximately 15%.
Ensuring visibility is vital for safety. Keeping windshields and mirrors free of snow and frost improves overall visibility. Additionally, using headlights in snowy conditions ensures that the driver can see and be seen. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) warns that poor visibility often leads to accidents on snowy roads.
By implementing these strategies, drivers can significantly improve their traction and safety on snowy roads.
What Are the Best Safety Practices When Navigating Icy Roads?
Navigating icy roads requires careful attention to safety practices. The best safety practices include the following key points:
- Drive at reduced speeds.
- Maintain a safe following distance.
- Use winter tires.
- Avoid sudden acceleration or braking.
- Steer gently and smoothly.
- Use low beams in low visibility.
- Ensure your vehicle is well-maintained.
- Stay home if possible during severe conditions.
Transitioning to the details, each of these practices is essential for safety on icy roads.
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Drive at Reduced Speeds: Driving at reduced speeds allows for better control of the vehicle on slippery surfaces. Icy conditions significantly impair traction, making it more likely to lose control. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommends driving 5 to 10 mph slower than normal speed limits on icy roads.
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Maintain a Safe Following Distance: A safe following distance is crucial when driving in icy conditions. Increased stopping distance is necessary on ice, as brakes may take longer to engage. Experts suggest maintaining a minimum distance of six seconds from the vehicle ahead to allow for safe stopping.
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Use Winter Tires: Winter tires are specifically designed to perform better on snow and ice due to their tread patterns and rubber compounds. According to Consumer Reports, winter tires can improve traction by 50% compared to all-season tires. Their use is highly recommended in regions that experience severe winter weather.
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Avoid Sudden Acceleration or Braking: Sudden movements can lead to loss of control in icy conditions. Gradual changes in speed help maintain vehicle stability. The AAA advises using gentle pressure on the accelerator and brakes to avoid skidding.
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Steer Gently and Smoothly: Gentle and smooth steering prevents abrupt shifts in weight, which can lead to skidding. The best practice is to make slow, deliberate inputs with the steering wheel to keep control of the vehicle.
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Use Low Beams in Low Visibility: When visibility is low due to snow or ice, low beam headlights are more effective. High beams can reflect off the snow and create glare, making it harder to see. The American Automobile Association recommends using low beams to improve visibility in such conditions.
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Ensure Your Vehicle is Well-Maintained: A well-maintained vehicle helps ensure safety on icy roads. Regularly checking tires, brakes, and fluid levels can prevent breakdowns. The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence suggests routine maintenance checks, especially before severe weather.
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Stay Home if Possible During Severe Conditions: Staying home during severe winter weather minimizes the risk of accidents. Authorities often issue warnings during extreme conditions, and heeding these warnings can keep you and others safe.
Implementing these practices significantly enhances safety while driving on icy roads.
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