High blood pressure usually does not cause noticeable symptoms. However, some people may feel tired or fatigued. This tiredness can stem from blood pressure-lowering medications or related health conditions, such as stress and sleep apnea. While tiredness could relate to high blood pressure, other causes should also be examined.
Common symptoms of high blood pressure include headaches, dizziness, and blurred vision, alongside fatigue. Many people with high blood pressure may not notice symptoms until the condition becomes severe. Certain lifestyle factors contribute to high blood pressure, such as a poor diet, lack of exercise, stress, and inadequate sleep.
Chronic fatigue may not only stem from high blood pressure but can also be linked to underlying conditions, such as kidney issues or hormonal imbalances. A healthcare professional can help identify the exact cause of fatigue and recommend appropriate interventions.
Understanding the connection between fatigue and high blood pressure is essential for maintaining overall health. Addressing fatigue involves a comprehensive approach, including lifestyle changes and, if necessary, medical treatment. In the next section, we will explore effective strategies to manage high blood pressure and alleviate fatigue for improved well-being.
What Are the Symptoms of High Blood Pressure that May Cause Fatigue?
High blood pressure, or hypertension, can result in fatigue. Symptoms associated with this condition can impact overall energy levels and well-being.
The main symptoms of high blood pressure that may cause fatigue include:
1. Persistent headache
2. Shortness of breath
3. Dizziness or lightheadedness
4. Chest pain
5. Nausea
6. Blurred vision
Fatigue stemming from high blood pressure may affect individuals differently. Some may experience a combination of symptoms, while others may exhibit specific signs. It is important to understand the broader context surrounding these symptoms.
-
Persistent Headache:
Persistent headache occurs frequently in individuals with high blood pressure. This type of headache can feel similar to tension-type headaches but may become more intense and prolonged. According to the American Heart Association, severe headaches can occur when blood pressure rises drastically. Chronic headaches may lead to exhaustion over time, impacting daily activities. -
Shortness of Breath:
Shortness of breath refers to difficulty in breathing, particularly during physical activity. It can result from the heart’s reduced ability to pump effectively due to high blood pressure. A study published in the Journal of Hypertension in 2021 highlighted that nearly 30% of patients with hypertension reported shortness of breath, contributing to fatigue due to a lack of oxygen and overall fitness. -
Dizziness or Lightheadedness:
Dizziness or lightheadedness can occur when blood flow to the brain is compromised. This symptom may accompany other hypertension symptoms or emerge on its own. The National Institute of Health (NIH) suggests that these feelings can lead to instability and fatigue since the body must work harder to maintain balance and coordination. -
Chest Pain:
Chest pain is a significant symptom of high blood pressure. This pain can arise from the heart muscle becoming strained due to elevated pressure in the arteries. The American College of Cardiology points out that chest pain may signal impending cardiovascular issues, increasing anxiety and fatigue levels. -
Nausea:
Nausea often accompanies high blood pressure due to stress on the body or as a side effect of medications. Feeling nauseated can reduce appetite and hydration, leading to fatigue. The Mayo Clinic emphasizes the importance of recognizing nausea as a potential symptom of hypertension, particularly in conjunction with other symptoms. -
Blurred Vision:
Blurred vision may occur when high blood pressure impacts blood vessels in the eyes. This symptom can lead to difficulties in focusing and increased fatigue during visual tasks. Research from the Journal of Optometry indicated that blurred vision is reported in about 20% of individuals with poorly controlled hypertension.
In conclusion, high blood pressure manifests various symptoms that may contribute to fatigue. Understanding these symptoms can help in early detection and management of the condition, ultimately improving quality of life.
Can Fatigue Be a Key Indicator of High Blood Pressure?
Yes, fatigue can be a key indicator of high blood pressure. Fatigue may arise as the cardiovascular system struggles to cope with elevated blood pressure levels.
High blood pressure, or hypertension, can lead to fatigue because it forces the heart to work harder. This increased workload may result in decreased energy levels. Additionally, hypertension can restrict blood flow to vital organs, including the brain, which may contribute to feelings of tiredness. The body’s response to this strain often includes fatigue as a symptom, making it essential to monitor blood pressure regularly to identify potential health issues early.
What Other Symptoms Should Be Monitored Alongside Fatigue?
Fatigue is a common symptom, but it often accompanies other symptoms that should be monitored. These additional symptoms may provide important insights into underlying health issues.
- Sleep disturbances
- Shortness of breath
- Muscle weakness
- Increased heart rate
- Changes in appetite
- Mood changes (e.g., irritability or depression)
- Cognitive difficulties (e.g., trouble concentrating)
Monitoring these symptoms provides a more comprehensive view of an individual’s health. Understanding their implications could lead to the identification of serious health concerns or the optimization of personal well-being strategies.
-
Sleep Disturbances:
Monitoring sleep disturbances is vital because inadequate or disrupted sleep can exacerbate fatigue. Sleep apnea, insomnia, or restless legs syndrome can lead to poor sleep quality. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that 35% of adults report insufficient sleep. For example, a study by the American Psychological Association found that chronic sleep deprivation often correlates with increased feelings of fatigue and decreased cognitive performance. -
Shortness of Breath:
Shortness of breath may suggest respiratory or cardiovascular issues, which can lead to fatigue. Conditions such as asthma or heart disease affect oxygen delivery and energy levels. According to the American Heart Association, approximately 10% of adults experience significant breathlessness at rest. This symptom should be evaluated, especially in individuals with pre-existing conditions or those taking new medications. -
Muscle Weakness:
Muscle weakness can accompany fatigue and may indicate underlying health problems, such as anemia or thyroid dysfunction. It diminishes overall energy and affects daily activities. The National Institutes of Health warns that conditions like myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis can lead to pronounced muscle weakness and fatigue. Regular assessments can help identify these concerns. -
Increased Heart Rate:
An elevated heart rate can suggest cardiovascular stress or anxiety, resulting in fatigue. Conditions such as hyperthyroidism or heart arrhythmias can increase resting heart rates. The American College of Cardiology identifies that a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute may signal concern. Timely intervention might improve energy levels and overall health. -
Changes in Appetite:
Changes in appetite can reflect emotional or physical conditions that lead to fatigue. Conditions like depression or gastrointestinal disorders can reduce energy levels and affect nutritional intake. A study published in the Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism found that individuals with significant appetite changes often experience greater fatigue levels due to inadequate nutrient intake. -
Mood Changes:
Mood changes such as irritability or depression frequently co-occur with fatigue, indicating potential mental health issues. The National Institute of Mental Health reports that fatigue can be a symptom of both anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. Interventions aimed at improving mental health may simultaneously alleviate fatigue. -
Cognitive Difficulties:
Cognitive difficulties, such as trouble concentrating or memory issues, are often linked to fatigue. Conditions like fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome commonly present cognitive disturbances alongside fatigue. A study by the Fibromyalgia Association indicates that nearly 90% of fibromyalgia patients report significant cognitive impairment, often referred to as “fibro fog.” Addressing cognitive challenges may enhance overall quality of life.
By monitoring these symptoms, individuals can provide healthcare professionals with comprehensive information, aiding in accurate diagnoses and effective management.
What Underlying Causes of Fatigue Are Associated with High Blood Pressure?
High blood pressure is associated with various underlying causes of fatigue. These can include insufficient blood flow to organs, side effects of medications, and sleep disturbances.
- Inadequate blood circulation
- Medication side effects
- Sleep apnea and insomnia
- Chronic stress
- Anemia
- Heart disease
Inadequate blood circulation impacts energy levels. Medication side effects can cause tiredness. Sleep apnea and insomnia disrupt restorative sleep. Chronic stress often leads to physical and mental fatigue. Anemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity, contributing to tiredness. Heart disease can lead to insufficient blood and oxygen supply, resulting in fatigue.
-
Inadequate Blood Circulation: Inadequate blood circulation often leads to fatigue in individuals with high blood pressure. High blood pressure can cause blood vessels to become stiff and narrow, reducing blood flow. This can lead to insufficient oxygen and nutrient delivery to muscles and organs. A study by the American Heart Association (2020) indicated that poor circulation is a common symptom among individuals with hypertension, often resulting in feelings of tiredness and weakness.
-
Medication Side Effects: Medication side effects are a significant factor adding to fatigue in patients treating high blood pressure. Common antihypertensive medications, such as beta-blockers and diuretics, can cause drowsiness or weakness. For instance, a study published in the Journal of Clinical Hypertension (2019) found that about 30% of patients on certain blood pressure medications reported notable fatigue as a side effect. The discussion highlights the importance of consulting healthcare providers for potential alternatives or adjustments.
-
Sleep Apnea and Insomnia: Sleep apnea and insomnia frequently coexist with high blood pressure. Sleep apnea interrupts breathing during sleep, leading to poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2018) noted that individuals with untreated sleep apnea are more likely to suffer from fatigue and hypertension. Insomnia, characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, can also exacerbate fatigue, as the body doesn’t receive the restorative sleep it requires for energy rejuvenation.
-
Chronic Stress: Chronic stress impacts both mental and physical health, leading to fatigue. High blood pressure can arise from ongoing stress, which triggers the body’s “fight or flight” response, increasing heart rate and blood pressure levels. A study conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2021) revealed that individuals experiencing chronic stress demonstrated elevated fatigue levels, primarily attributed to prolonged activation of stress hormones affecting mood and energy levels.
-
Anemia: Anemia can lead to decreased energy levels in individuals with high blood pressure. Anemia is characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin, which results in reduced oxygen transportation throughout the body. A study conducted by the World Health Organization (2020) estimated that over 25% of individuals with chronic diseases, including hypertension, had some form of anemia. This condition directly affects stamina and contributes to a sensation of fatigue.
-
Heart Disease: Heart disease can result in fatigue due to compromised heart function. When the heart struggles to pump effectively, the body may not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2021) note that individuals with heart conditions often report significant fatigue, indicating the intricate relationship between heart health and energy levels. Patients managing both hypertension and heart disease frequently experience debilitating tiredness as a result of diminished cardiac output.
How Do Stress and Lifestyle Choices Affect Both Blood Pressure and Fatigue?
Stress and lifestyle choices significantly influence blood pressure and fatigue levels through hormonal changes, unhealthy behaviors, and physical health risks.
Stress activates the body’s fight-or-flight response, which triggers the release of hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. According to a study by Chida and Steptoe (2009), chronic stress can lead to persistent high blood pressure due to prolonged exposure to these hormones. Elevated cortisol levels can cause the following effects:
- Increased heart rate: Stress stimulates the heart, leading to a faster heartbeat. This increase in heart rate can elevate blood pressure.
- Blood vessel constriction: Stress hormones cause blood vessels to narrow, which increases the resistance the heart must work against, raising blood pressure.
- Acute response: Stressful situations may lead to temporary spikes in blood pressure, but repeated exposure can become chronic.
Lifestyle choices also play a crucial role. Healthy habits can lower blood pressure and reduce fatigue, while poor choices can elevate risks. Some important factors include:
- Diet: High sodium intake, found in processed foods, can lead to elevated blood pressure. A study by He and MacGregor (2004) showed that reducing sodium intake by 100 mmol/day could lower blood pressure by an average of 5 mmHg.
- Physical activity: Regular exercise can strengthen the heart and improve blood flow. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week can help reduce blood pressure.
- Sleep quality: Poor sleep can lead to fatigue and elevated blood pressure. A study by Kahn et al. (2015) found a strong association between sleep deprivation and hypertension.
Moreover, unhealthy coping mechanisms such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption raise blood pressure. Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, which narrows blood vessels and increases heart rate. Excessive alcohol disrupts sleep patterns and dehydrates the body, leading to fatigue.
In summary, managing stress and making healthier lifestyle choices are essential for maintaining optimal blood pressure and energy levels.
Are Medications for High Blood Pressure Related to Feelings of Tiredness?
Yes, medications for high blood pressure can lead to feelings of tiredness. This is a known side effect associated with various classes of antihypertensive drugs, which may influence energy levels.
Antihypertensive medications, such as beta-blockers, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors, share the common goal of lowering blood pressure. However, they differ in their mechanisms. Beta-blockers slow the heart rate, potentially causing fatigue. Diuretics, which increase urine production, may lead to dehydration and tiredness. ACE inhibitors primarily relax blood vessels, and while they are generally better tolerated, they can still cause fatigue in some individuals. Understanding these differences can help patients manage their expectations regarding side effects.
On the positive side, effective management of high blood pressure through these medications can significantly reduce the risk of more severe conditions, such as heart attack or stroke. According to the American Heart Association, controlling blood pressure can lead to a 40% reduction in heart disease risk. Thus, the benefits of taking these medications typically outweigh the side effects for most individuals.
Conversely, the presence of tiredness can be a drawback. Studies have shown that approximately 10-30% of patients experience fatigue due to their blood pressure medications (Moran et al., 2021). This fatigue may impact daily activities and overall quality of life. Therefore, it is essential for patients experiencing this side effect to communicate with their healthcare providers.
Recommendations for individuals on blood pressure medications include regular consultations with healthcare professionals to monitor side effects. Adjustments in dosage or switching to an alternative medication may improve energy levels. Additionally, practicing a healthy lifestyle by incorporating regular exercise and a balanced diet can mitigate tiredness. Each individual’s situation is unique, so personalized advice from a medical professional is vital.
How Can One Differentiate Between General Fatigue and Fatigue Due to High Blood Pressure?
One can differentiate between general fatigue and fatigue due to high blood pressure by observing the accompanying symptoms and their severity, duration, and specific triggers.
General fatigue typically results from a variety of lifestyle-related factors, while fatigue linked to high blood pressure often presents with distinct features. To clarify further:
-
Accompanying Symptoms:
– General fatigue may include tiredness that improves with rest and can be a symptom of stress, overexertion, or lack of sleep.
– Fatigue caused by high blood pressure often accompanies headaches, dizziness, and blurred vision. According to a study by Zhang et al. (2017), uncontrolled hypertension commonly results in these symptoms. -
Duration:
– General fatigue usually lasts for a short time and resolves with improved sleep or reduced stress.
– Fatigue due to high blood pressure can be chronic and persistent. A study published by Vong et al. (2020) found that fatigue related to hypertension can last for weeks or longer without intervention. -
Triggers:
– General fatigue might result from physical exertion, poor nutrition, or stress.
– Fatigue from high blood pressure may increase after physical activity, excessive sodium intake, or when under emotional stress. Johnson et al. (2019) showed that patients often report higher fatigue levels following such triggers. -
Response to Treatment:
– General fatigue typically improves with lifestyle changes such as better sleep, stress management, or nutritional adjustments.
– Fatigue related to high blood pressure generally requires medical intervention, such as medications to control blood pressure. Harrison et al. (2018) emphasized that managing blood pressure effectively leads to noticeable improvements in energy levels. -
Emotional State:
– General fatigue may not significantly impact emotional well-being.
– Fatigue from high blood pressure can lead to anxiety and depression, further complicating overall health. A meta-analysis by Smith et al. (2021) found a strong link between hypertension-related fatigue and mood disorders.
Identifying the specific causes and characteristics of fatigue is important for effective management and treatment. A healthcare provider should conduct a thorough evaluation if fatigue seems unusual or persistent.
What Factors Should Be Considered in Identifying Fatigue Levels Related to High Blood Pressure?
Several factors should be considered when identifying fatigue levels related to high blood pressure.
- Emotional Stress
- Sleep Quality
- Physical Activity Levels
- Medications
- Nutritional Status
- Underlying Health Conditions
- Hydration Levels
- Caffeine and Alcohol Intake
Considering these factors provides insight into how high blood pressure can affect fatigue levels.
-
Emotional Stress:
Emotional stress significantly influences fatigue levels in individuals with high blood pressure. Stress can trigger the body’s fight-or-flight response, which increases heart rate and blood pressure. According to a study by Williams et al. (2019), individuals experiencing high levels of stress reported higher fatigue and anxiety levels. Effective stress management techniques, like mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral therapy, can improve both blood pressure and fatigue. -
Sleep Quality:
Sleep quality plays a crucial role in determining fatigue levels. Poor sleep can exacerbate hypertension and lead to increased tiredness during the day. Research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that adults who sleep less than 7 hours are more likely to report feeling fatigued. Furthermore, sleep apnea, a condition that impacts many individuals with high blood pressure, can lead to disrupted sleep and increased daytime fatigue. -
Physical Activity Levels:
Physical activity levels are important in managing both fatigue and high blood pressure. Regular exercise helps lower blood pressure and increase energy levels. A 2020 study published in the Journal of Hypertension found that individuals who engaged in moderate exercise reported lower fatigue levels. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to feelings of tiredness and fatigue. -
Medications:
Medications used to treat high blood pressure can influence fatigue levels. Some antihypertensives, such as beta-blockers, may cause fatigue as a side effect. Research from the American Heart Association indicates that patients should discuss side effects with their healthcare providers to find the most suitable medication. Adjusting medication regimens can help reduce fatigue. -
Nutritional Status:
Nutritional status can affect fatigue and blood pressure. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins supports overall health and energy levels. Studies show that diets high in sodium can elevate blood pressure and lead to fatigue. Conversely, diets low in sodium and rich in potassium may help regulate blood pressure and enhance energy levels. -
Underlying Health Conditions:
Underlying health conditions can contribute to fatigue levels in individuals with high blood pressure. Conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and depression often coexist with hypertension and can exacerbate fatigue. The National Institutes of Health suggest that addressing these underlying issues can significantly improve fatigue and overall health. -
Hydration Levels:
Hydration levels are essential for maintaining energy and minimizing fatigue. Dehydration can lead to fatigue and increased blood pressure. A study highlighted by the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics indicates that even mild dehydration can cause tiredness. Adequate water intake supports cardiovascular health and helps maintain stable blood pressure levels. -
Caffeine and Alcohol Intake:
Caffeine and alcohol intake can impact fatigue levels and blood pressure. Caffeine sometimes increases energy, but overconsumption can lead to disruptions in sleep. Alcohol can initially cause relaxation but ultimately disrupts sleep quality and contributes to fatigue. The American Heart Association recommends moderating both substances for better health outcomes.
Identifying and addressing these factors may help individuals manage fatigue levels associated with high blood pressure.
When Is It Necessary to Seek Medical Advice Regarding Fatigue in Context of Blood Pressure?
When considering fatigue in the context of blood pressure, it is necessary to seek medical advice under certain conditions. If fatigue persists despite sufficient rest, you should consult a healthcare professional. This includes cases where fatigue is accompanied by symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, or chest pain. These signs may indicate a more serious issue related to blood pressure, such as hypertension or other cardiovascular problems. Additionally, if fatigue impacts daily activities or leads to a significant decline in quality of life, medical evaluation is crucial. Early diagnosis can help manage underlying conditions and improve overall health. Therefore, awareness of fatigue’s connection to blood pressure is vital.
What Preventative Lifestyle Changes Can Alleviate Fatigue Linked with High Blood Pressure?
Preventative lifestyle changes that can alleviate fatigue linked with high blood pressure include regular exercise, a balanced diet, proper sleep hygiene, stress management, and reducing alcohol and tobacco use.
- Regular Exercise
- Balanced Diet
- Proper Sleep Hygiene
- Stress Management
- Reducing Alcohol and Tobacco Use
These lifestyle changes are widely recognized; however, individual responses may vary. While some people may experience substantial improvements, others might find it challenging to make these adjustments due to various personal and environmental factors. Each of these factors plays a role in managing fatigue and blood pressure.
-
Regular Exercise:
Regular exercise helps lower blood pressure and combat fatigue by improving circulation and building strength. According to the American Heart Association, engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity weekly can lead to significant health benefits. A study by Karp et al. (2016) found that adults who exercised regularly reported lower levels of fatigue and better overall health. For example, incorporating activities like walking, cycling, or swimming can be effective. -
Balanced Diet:
A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can lower blood pressure and improve energy levels. The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet specifically focuses on these types of foods. According to a study published by Sacks et al. (2001), individuals following the DASH diet experienced a noticeable reduction in blood pressure and reported increased energy levels. Limiting salt, saturated fats, and sugar also contributes to better management of fatigue and blood pressure. -
Proper Sleep Hygiene:
Proper sleep hygiene involves practices that promote better sleep, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and ensuring a comfortable sleep environment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that insufficient sleep can lead to fatigue and worsen high blood pressure. Research by Ghandour et al. (2018) found that adults with good sleep hygiene reported lower fatigue levels and improved emotional well-being. -
Stress Management:
Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises, can reduce fatigue and help manage high blood pressure. The American Psychological Association states that stress can lead to both fatigue and elevated blood pressure. A systematic review by Goyal et al. (2014) highlights the positive effects of mindfulness and meditation techniques in reducing stress and improving overall health. -
Reducing Alcohol and Tobacco Use:
Reducing alcohol and tobacco use can improve overall health and alleviate fatigue. Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking contribute to higher blood pressure and increased fatigue levels. The CDC emphasizes that quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake can lead to improved energy and health. A study by Renaud et al. (2017) showed that individuals who quit smoking and moderated alcohol consumption reported noticeable improvements in energy and reduced fatigue levels.
In conclusion, these lifestyle changes not only help alleviate fatigue but also contribute positively to overall well-being and management of high blood pressure.
How Can Dietary Changes Impact Both Blood Pressure and Fatigue?
Dietary changes can significantly impact blood pressure and fatigue by altering nutrient intake and promoting overall health. Key factors include sodium reduction, increased potassium intake, balanced macronutrients, and heightened hydration levels.
-
Sodium Reduction: Lowering sodium intake reduces blood volume. High sodium levels lead to fluid retention, increasing blood pressure. The American Heart Association recommends limiting sodium to less than 2,300 mg per day. A study by He et al. (2013) showed that a reduction in sodium intake can lower blood pressure by approximately 5 to 6 mm Hg.
-
Increased Potassium Intake: Consuming potassium-rich foods helps balance sodium levels. Potassium promotes vasodilation, which can lower blood pressure. Foods like bananas, spinach, and avocados are excellent sources. According to a study by Strazzullo et al. (2009), higher potassium intake is associated with lower blood pressure readings.
-
Balanced Macronutrients: A diet rich in whole foods provides a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Adequate protein intake can combat fatigue by repairing tissues and supporting muscle function. Healthy fats provide a steady energy source. A study by Hu et al. (2001) noted that diets high in complex carbohydrates promote sustained energy levels.
-
Heightened Hydration Levels: Proper hydration is essential for energy production and blood circulation. Dehydration can lead to fatigue and higher heart rates, increasing blood pressure. The National Academies of Sciences recommend about 3.7 liters for men and 2.7 liters for women daily. A study by Judelson et al. (2007) found improved athletic performance and reduced feelings of fatigue in well-hydrated individuals.
By making dietary changes in these areas, individuals can manage their blood pressure effectively and reduce feelings of fatigue, thereby enhancing overall well-being.
Does Regular Exercise Help Reduce Fatigue Symptoms in Individuals with High Blood Pressure?
Yes, regular exercise does help reduce fatigue symptoms in individuals with high blood pressure.
Exercise improves blood circulation and boosts energy levels. It enhances cardiovascular fitness, which helps the heart pump blood more efficiently. This improvement can lead to a reduction in fatigue over time. Furthermore, physical activity releases endorphins, chemicals in the brain that act as natural painkillers and mood elevators. Regular exercise also helps maintain a healthy weight, which can further alleviate strain on the heart and contribute to overall energy levels. Studies have shown that individuals with high blood pressure who engage in regular, moderate-intensity exercise report lower levels of fatigue.
Related Post: